introduction: formalin injection induces nociceptive bahaviour in phase i and ii, with a quiescent phase between them. while active inhibitory mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for initiation of interphase, the exact mechanisms which lead to termination of nociceptive response in phase ii are not clear yet. phase ii is a consequence of peripheral and central sensitization processes, whi...

in this study, the effect of α-adrenoceptor agents on imipramine-induced antinociception was investigated using formalin test. intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of imipramine at different doses (10-80 mg/kg) induced antinociception in both phases of formalin test. in addition, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of imipramine (1, 5, and 10 µg/rat) did not elicit any effect, although ...

introduction: the management of pain and inflammation related problem is a real challenge that people face daily. although several drugs are available for these conditions, medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects. the objective of current study was to investigate the anti-nociceptive effect of tanacetum fisherae which...

introduction: pain as a complex process in the cns has been extensively studied by many researchers. it has been found that pain is controlled by certain pathways in the cns, one of most important of which is the descending noradrenergic system. the pathway begins with locus coeruleus (lc) nucleus and ends in the spinal cord. in this study, formalin test was used as a chemical and tonic pain te...

introduction: pain as a complex process in central nervous system (cns) has been studied by many researchers. pain is controlled by several cns pathways, one of the most important of which, is the descending noradrenergic system. this system begins from locus coeruleus (lc) nucleus in pons and ends in the spinal cord. in this research, the effect of pain induced by formalin was studied. methods...

the amygdala is a forebrain region, which is known as a modulator of pain sensation. the amygdala, particularly the central nucleus, has high concentrations of enkephalins relative to dynorphins and has high concentrations of opioid receptors. we here studied the role of central nuclei of amygdala in morphine antinociception. methods: in this study, we used 130 male wistar rats (200- 250g). bil...

in addition to its effect on reproductive organs, estrogen exhibits complex effects on brain structure, function and behavior. in this regard, the influence of gonadal hormones especially estrogens on nociception has recently been accepted. soybean is known as an important phytoestrogen containing plant that is used as an alternative for estrogen replacement therapy. in this study, the influenc...

objective: this study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effect of chronic administration of the flavonoid hesperetin in streptozotocin-diabetic rats using formalin and hot tail immersion tests. materials and methods: rats were divided into 5 control groups, hesperetin-treated control, diabetic, sodium salicylate (ss)-treated diabetic, and hesperetin- and glibenclamide-treated dia...

this study investigates the effectiveness of the antinociceptive effects of diclofenac, an nsaid, on the nociceptive behavior of morphine-treated rats on formalin test.rats were treated with morphine-containing drinking water for twenty one days, which induced morphine dependence. the antinociceptive effects of 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg doses of diclofenac were then evaluated and compared with distil...

introduction: the concentration of noradrenalin and corticosterone as the two nociception modulators change after fasting or stress situation. the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of food deprivation on formalin-induced nociceptive behaviours and plasma levels of noradrenalin and corticosterone in rats. methods: food was withdrawn 12, 24 and 48 h prior to performing the formal...